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Trends in smoking rates, matching generic drugs to rare diseases, & the fight over dialysis payments

May 5, 2023
Reporter, Morning Rounds Writer
Good morning. We have encouraging news on smoking, troubling concerns on paying for dialysis treatments, and intriguing ideas on how generic drugs may make a difference in orphan diseases.

Health

Cigarette smoking continues to decline 

Rates of cigarette smoking are the lowest they've been since 1965, according to a new study published by federal researchers. Smoking isn't dead yet — the study found that 11.5% of Americans still currently smoke cigarettes — but it's undeniable that smoking rates have seen a serious decline, even in the last decade. The CDC estimated that just a decade ago, 19% of Americans smoked cigarettes. 

The good news comes on the same day California Attorney General Rob Bonta signaled he would crack down on two cigarette giants that have begun selling new "crisp" cigarettes in an attempt to thwart the state's recently enacted ban on menthol cigarettes, STAT's Nicholas Florko reports. The dispute is almost certain to end with a lawsuit, which could determine the effectiveness of state menthol bans across the country, as well as the FDA's attempts to ban the products nationwide.


drug research

Both a rare disease patient and a doctor, he wants to find answers for other orphan diseases

David Fajgenbaum feels like every day is "overtime, time I didn't think I had." The physician at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine thought his life was over when he was diagnosed with Castleman disease, a rare inflammatory illness that affects the lymph nodes and can severely damage other organs. "After dying almost five times in three years, it's been over nine years that I've been in remission on this drug," he said yesterday at STAT's Breakthrough Summit in San Francisco.

What saved him was a generic drug, sirolimus. Now he wants his nonprofit Every Cure to do the same for other patients. "You've got drugs that are clearly helping people for diseases that they weren't intended for," he told STAT's Isabella Cueto before the event. "But there's no one that's responsible for lifting them up and making sure that the work's done. … There's this gap in the system." Read more.


STAT breakthrough summit

Obesities, gene therapies, and where bots get their training

Hot topics hit the stage for the second (and final) day of the STAT Breakthrough Summit in San Francisco:

On obesity and the wave of new treatments: "It's not obesity, it's obesities. There are multiple causes and there are multiple treatments. If you think you are going to throw one thing at this problem and get a good answer, you've got another think coming," said Robert Lustig of UCSF. And, "BMI is great for populations. BMI sucks for people."

On AI in health care: "Would you be OK with your patient answer bot being trained on Reddit?" Nigam Shah of Stanford Health Care asked. "If it's doing a good job on something, does it matter what it was trained on?" Suchi Saria of Bayesian Health and Johns Hopkins parried.

On what's next for gene therapies: "Wouldn't it be amazing if in the future you could have an injectable or even an oral delivery of gene editing that would provide that one-and-done therapy but without the disruption of a bone marrow transplant?" said Nobel laureate and CRISPR pioneer Jennifer Doudna of the Innovative Genomics Institute and UC Berkeley.

On HIV: "It's extraordinary that in this day and age, you still have the incidence of HIV increasing around the world, and even in this country," said Daniel O'Day, CEO of Gilead, which collected more than $17 billion from its HIV drugs last year. Read more.

You can find more summit coverage here.



Closer Look

'Pawns in a very expensive game': Dialysis patients fear coverage changes

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Almost a year after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that employer-sponsored health insurance plans could limit outpatient dialysis coverage, the insurance  picture still looks murky for people with kidney failure who depend on dialysis machines to do what their kidneys no longer can. Americans with kidney failure are eligible for Medicare coverage, but Medicare pays the dominant dialysis providers DaVita and Fresenius far less than private insurers, prompting fears that employers could make changes to coverage that would increase patients' bills so much that they'd have to skip treatments, which can be deadly. 

"The patients are pawns in a very expensive game, and I think the patients are feeling that," said Brent Miller, a nephrologist at the Indiana University School of Medicine. He's working with the Indiana University Medicare Advantage plan to create a health insurance option specifically for people with kidney disease. STAT contributor Carrie Arnold describes the scale of the problem.


science

NIH urged to solve shortage of key research animals

Non-human primates — monkeys like macaques and marmosets — are prized by academic scientists and drug developers alike for their close similarity to humans. But a worsening shortage of the animals endangers biomedical research and public health response to emergencies, warns a new National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report that urges the NIH to take action. Monkeys make up only 0.5% of animal research subjects, but they have had an outsized impact on treatments for conditions such as Parkinson's and sickle cell disease.

China shut off the supply of these animals once the pandemic began. Smuggling problems emerged in Cambodia and alternatives such as organs-on-a-chip have shortcomings. "Now is the time to strengthen the systems we need for non-human primate research — including resource tracking, having an adequate domestic supply of these animals, and further development of new approach methodologies," said Kenneth Ramos, who chaired the committee that issued the report. STAT's Ed Silverman has more.


health

Living in a 'food swamp' linked to higher odds of dying from an obesity-related cancer

You've heard of food deserts, where grocery stores and farmers markets are scarce. In food swamps, fast-food restaurants and convenience stores dominate neighborhoods. A new study calculated the ratio of food swamps and deserts to the grocery stores and farmers markets in U.S. counties, then asked whether deaths from 13 obesity-related cancers were higher or lower from 2010 to 2020, depending on access to healthier food.

The odds of dying from obesity-related cancers were 77% higher in counties with high food swamp scores, the ecological cross-sectional study reports in JAMA Oncology. Those counties also had higher percentages of residents who were Black, over 65, and had more poverty, obesity, and diabetes. "Understanding that food deserts and food swamps create toxic environments that disproportionately impact minoritized and marginalized communities is a clarion call to prioritize food justice as an issue of social justice in mitigating obesity-related cancer mortality," a companion commentary says. 


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What we're reading

  • Senator pushes NIH for 'formal' review of Covid response, STAT
  • Option Care takes over Amedisys in 'perplexing' $3.6 billion home care deal, STAT
  • Birth control pills aren't available over the counter in U.S. That could change, Washington Post

  • Opinion: Clinical trials for Alzheimer's treatments need to include people with Down syndrome, STAT

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